[{"from":"peter-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Peter is called by Jesus and named chief of the Twelve in all four Gospels.","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Mark 1:16-18","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Gospel of Matthew 16:13-19","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"andrew-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of John 1:35-42","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"james-son-of-zebedee","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Mark 1:19-20","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"john-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Mark 1:19-20","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Gospel of John 21:20-24","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"philip-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of John 1:43-48","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"bartholomew-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Matthew 10:3","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"matthew-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Matthew 9:9","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"thomas-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of John 20:24-29","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"james-son-of-alphaeus","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Mark 3:18","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"jude-thaddaeus","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Luke 6:16","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"simon-the-zealot","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Luke 6:15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"judas-iscariot","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"One of the Twelve who later betrayed Jesus.","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Mark 3:19","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Gospel of Matthew 26:14-16","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"matthias-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Acts 1:21-22 specifies Matthias had accompanied Jesus 'beginning from the baptism of John' though he was not one of the original Twelve.","citations":[{"source":"Acts of the Apostles 1:21-22","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"mary-magdalene","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Luke 8:1-3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Gospel of John 20:1-18","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"james-the-just","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Brother of Jesus per Mark 6:3 and Galatians 1:19; received a resurrection appearance per 1 Cor 15:7.","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Mark 6:3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"1 Corinthians 15:7","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Galatians 1:19","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Paul claims a resurrection appearance and direct revelation (Galatians 1:11-17, 1 Cor 15:8). Not a pre-Easter disciple.","citations":[{"source":"1 Corinthians 15:8","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Galatians 1:11-17","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Acts 9:1-19","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"peter-the-apostle","type":"met","strength":"documented","notes":"Paul visited Cephas in Jerusalem for fifteen days c. AD 36 (Gal 1:18). They later met at the Apostolic Council (Gal 2 / Acts 15).","citations":[{"source":"Galatians 1:18; 2:1-10","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Acts of the Apostles 15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"peter-the-apostle","type":"opposed","strength":"documented","notes":"The Antioch incident: Paul publicly rebuked Peter for withdrawing from Gentile table fellowship under pressure from 'men from James' (Gal 2:11-14).","citations":[{"source":"Galatians 2:11-14","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"james-the-just","type":"met","strength":"documented","notes":"Paul met James in Jerusalem (Gal 1:19) and again at the Apostolic Council (Gal 2:9 / Acts 15).","citations":[{"source":"Galatians 1:19; 2:9","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Acts 15:13; 21:18","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"james-the-just","type":"opposed","strength":"tradition","notes":"Paul was opposed not by James personally but by 'certain men from James' whose intervention triggered the Antioch incident (Gal 2:12). The direct opposition between Paul and James himself is inferred and disputed by scholars.","citations":[{"source":"Galatians 2:12","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"timothy-of-ephesus","type":"taught","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Acts 16:1-3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"1 Timothy 1:2","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Philippians 2:19-22","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"titus-of-crete","type":"taught","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Galatians 2:1-3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Titus 1:4-5","kind":"primary"},{"source":"2 Corinthians 7:6-15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"luke-the-evangelist","type":"taught","strength":"documented","notes":"Luke is named as Paul's companion in Colossians 4:14, Philemon 24, 2 Timothy 4:11; Irenaeus calls him 'a follower of Paul'.","citations":[{"source":"Colossians 4:14","kind":"primary"},{"source":"2 Timothy 4:11","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.1.1","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"mark-the-evangelist","type":"met","strength":"documented","notes":"Mark accompanied Paul and Barnabas, then split (Acts 13:13; 15:37-39). Later reconciled (Col 4:10; 2 Tim 4:11).","citations":[{"source":"Acts 13:13; 15:37-39","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Colossians 4:10","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"paul-of-tarsus","to":"onesimus","type":"taught","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Philemon 10-16","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"mark-the-evangelist","to":"peter-the-apostle","type":"taught_by","strength":"tradition","notes":"Papias (c. 110-130) reports Mark was Peter's interpreter and recorded Peter's preaching as the Gospel of Mark — but Papias' testimony itself survives only via Eusebius. 1 Peter 5:13 mentions 'Mark my son' but does not establish discipleship.","citations":[{"source":"Papias in Eusebius HE 3.39.15","kind":"primary"},{"source":"1 Peter 5:13","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.1.1","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"polycarp-of-smyrna","to":"john-the-apostle","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Irenaeus, who personally heard Polycarp in his youth, states in Adv. Haer. 3.3.4 and his Letter to Florinus (Eus. HE 5.20) that Polycarp was instructed by John and 'others who had seen the Lord'. This is a near-contemporary chain (Irenaeus -> Polycarp -> John), so 'documented'.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.3.4","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Irenaeus, Letter to Florinus, in Eusebius HE 5.20.4-8","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"ignatius-of-antioch","to":"john-the-apostle","type":"taught_by","strength":"tradition","notes":"Later tradition (e.g. the Martyrium Ignatii and John Chrysostom) makes Ignatius a disciple of John alongside Polycarp; not attested by Ignatius himself or by Irenaeus.","citations":[{"source":"Martyrium Ignatii (later acta)","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Chrysostom, Hom. on Ignatius","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"papias-of-hierapolis","to":"john-the-apostle","type":"taught_by","strength":"tradition","notes":"Irenaeus calls Papias 'a hearer of John' (Adv. Haer. 5.33.4), but Eusebius (HE 3.39.5-7), reading Papias' own preface, argues Papias heard 'the elder John', a different figure. Borderline — flagged for review.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 5.33.4","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Papias, Preface, in Eusebius HE 3.39.3-7","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"papias-of-hierapolis","to":"john-the-apostle","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Whether or not Papias heard John the Apostle directly, his preface explicitly reports gathering sayings of John (the Lord's disciple) via the elders.","citations":[{"source":"Papias, Preface in Eusebius HE 3.39.3-4","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"polycarp-of-smyrna","to":"irenaeus-of-lyons","type":"taught","strength":"documented","notes":"Forward edge into the next era. Irenaeus in his Letter to Florinus describes hearing Polycarp preach in his youth at Smyrna.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Letter to Florinus in Eusebius HE 5.20.4-8","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"linus-of-rome","to":"peter-the-apostle","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Irenaeus' succession list names Linus as the man to whom 'the apostles' (Peter and Paul) committed the Roman episcopate. Episcopal succession lists for 1st-c Rome were reconstructed by Irenaeus c. 180 (Adv. Haer. 3.3); not contemporaneously attested.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.3.3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.2","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"anacletus-of-rome","to":"linus-of-rome","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Roman succession list reconstructed by Irenaeus c. 180; no contemporaneous attestation.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.3.3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.13","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"clement-of-rome","to":"anacletus-of-rome","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Roman succession list reconstructed by Irenaeus c. 180; the order Linus-Anacletus-Clement is not contemporaneously attested.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.3.3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"evodius-of-antioch","to":"peter-the-apostle","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Eusebius lists Evodius as first bishop of Antioch after Peter. Peter's actual episcopal tenure at Antioch is traditional rather than narrated in scripture.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.22","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"ignatius-of-antioch","to":"evodius-of-antioch","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Antiochene episcopal succession is preserved only by Eusebius writing c. 320; no 1st-c Antiochene source survives to confirm.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.22, 3.36","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"clement-of-rome","to":"peter-the-apostle","type":"taught_by","strength":"tradition","notes":"Tertullian (De Praesc. 32) says Clement was ordained by Peter. Origen and others identify him with the Clement of Phil 4:3. No first-person testimony survives — marked tradition per the brief.","citations":[{"source":"Tertullian, De Praescriptione 32","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Jerome, De Viris Illustribus 15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"clement-of-rome","to":"paul-of-tarsus","type":"knew_of","strength":"tradition","notes":"1 Clement 5 speaks vividly of Paul's martyrdom in the first person plural ('our generation'); patristic tradition (Origen, Eusebius, Jerome) identifies Clement with the fellow worker of Phil 4:3.","citations":[{"source":"1 Clement 5","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Philippians 4:3","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"ignatius-of-antioch","to":"polycarp-of-smyrna","type":"corresponded","strength":"documented","notes":"Ignatius wrote a personal letter to Polycarp en route to Rome; Polycarp in turn forwarded the corpus of Ignatian letters to the Philippians (Phil 13).","citations":[{"source":"Ignatius, To Polycarp","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Polycarp, To the Philippians 13","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"ignatius-of-antioch","to":"onesimus","type":"corresponded","strength":"tradition","notes":"Ignatius greets a Bishop Onesimus of Ephesus in his Letter to the Ephesians; the identification with Paul's freed slave Onesimus is traditional and not certain.","citations":[{"source":"Ignatius, To the Ephesians 1.3, 6.2","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"polycarp-of-smyrna","to":"ignatius-of-antioch","type":"corresponded","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Polycarp, To the Philippians 9, 13","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Ignatius, To Polycarp","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"polycarp-of-smyrna","to":"papias-of-hierapolis","type":"met","strength":"tradition","notes":"Irenaeus (Adv. Haer. 5.33.4) calls Papias 'a companion of Polycarp'. No surviving first-person source.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 5.33.4","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"matthias-the-apostle","to":"judas-iscariot","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"documented","notes":"Strictly an apostolic succession (not episcopal) — Matthias chosen by lot to replace Judas among the Twelve.","citations":[{"source":"Acts 1:15-26","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"peter-the-apostle","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Roman Catholic tradition treats Peter as Christ's vicar / successor in pastoral leadership of the Church (Matt 16:18-19); not framed as episcopal succession in the New Testament itself.","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Matthew 16:18-19","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Gospel of John 21:15-17","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"papias-of-hierapolis","to":"mark-the-evangelist","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Papias preserves the earliest tradition about Mark's authorship and method.","citations":[{"source":"Papias in Eusebius HE 3.39.15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"papias-of-hierapolis","to":"matthew-the-apostle","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Papias in Eusebius HE 3.39.16","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"quadratus-of-athens","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Quadratus' surviving fragment claims firsthand testimony was still alive in his day from those healed or raised by Jesus.","citations":[{"source":"Quadratus, Apology fragment in Eusebius HE 4.3.2","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"aristides-of-athens","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","citations":[{"source":"Aristides, Apology 2, 15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"hermas-of-rome","to":"clement-of-rome","type":"met","strength":"tradition","notes":"The Shepherd (Vis. 2.4.3) instructs Hermas to give a copy of the book to 'Clement', who will send it abroad. The identification with Clement of Rome is plausible but traditional, and the Muratorian Fragment dates Hermas under Pius I (mid-2nd c.) which would post-date Clement.","citations":[{"source":"Shepherd of Hermas, Vision 2.4.3","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"polycarp-of-smyrna","to":"paul-of-tarsus","type":"cited","strength":"documented","notes":"Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians quotes or alludes to most of the Pauline corpus extensively.","citations":[{"source":"Polycarp, To the Philippians (passim, esp. 3.2, 11.2-3)","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"ignatius-of-antioch","to":"paul-of-tarsus","type":"cited","strength":"documented","notes":"Ignatius alludes repeatedly to Pauline letters (esp. 1 Cor, Eph) and explicitly praises Paul (Eph. 12.2; Rom. 4.3).","citations":[{"source":"Ignatius, To the Ephesians 12.2","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Ignatius, To the Romans 4.3","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"didache-author","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"cited","strength":"documented","notes":"The Didache cites the Lord's Prayer and dominical sayings 'as the Lord commanded in his Gospel'.","citations":[{"source":"Didache 8, 9, 11, 15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"mary-mother-of-jesus","to":"jesus-of-nazareth","type":"knew_of","strength":"documented","notes":"Mary is the mother of Jesus per the infancy narratives of Matthew and Luke; present at the wedding at Cana, the crucifixion, and with the disciples before Pentecost.","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of Luke 1:26-2:52","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Gospel of John 2:1-12; 19:25-27","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Acts of the Apostles 1:14","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"mary-mother-of-jesus","to":"john-the-apostle","type":"met","strength":"documented","notes":"From the cross Jesus entrusted his mother to the Beloved Disciple, who took her into his own home (John 19:26-27).","citations":[{"source":"Gospel of John 19:26-27","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"clement-of-alexandria","to":"pseudo-barnabas","type":"cited","strength":"tradition","notes":"Clement of Alexandria quotes the Epistle of Barnabas as scripture in the Stromata, attributing it to the apostolic Barnabas. Marked tradition because Pseudo-Barnabas himself is anonymous; Clement is citing the text under a pseudepigraphic attribution.","citations":[{"source":"Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 2.6, 2.7, 5.10","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"origen-of-alexandria","to":"pseudo-barnabas","type":"cited","strength":"tradition","notes":"Origen quotes the Epistle of Barnabas as a 'catholic epistle' (Contra Celsum 1.63). Marked tradition because Pseudo-Barnabas is anonymous and Origen attributes the text to the apostolic Barnabas.","citations":[{"source":"Origen, Contra Celsum 1.63","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"eusebius-of-caesarea","to":"pseudo-barnabas","type":"knew_of","strength":"tradition","notes":"Eusebius discusses the Epistle of Barnabas among the disputed/spurious writings (HE 3.25, 6.14). Marked tradition because the author is anonymous.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.25, 6.14","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"irenaeus-of-lyons","to":"polycarp-of-smyrna","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Irenaeus describes in his Letter to Florinus hearing Polycarp preach in his youth in Smyrna and remembering his testimony about John the Apostle. This is direct first-person testimony.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Letter to Florinus (in Eusebius HE 5.20)","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.3.4","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"tatian-the-assyrian","to":"justin-martyr","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Tatian was a disciple of Justin in Rome and only fell into heterodoxy after Justin's martyrdom.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 1.28.1","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 4.29","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"clement-of-alexandria","to":"pantaenus","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Clement names Pantaenus as the 'true Sicilian bee' from whom he received instruction.","citations":[{"source":"Clement, Stromateis 1.1.11","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 5.11, 6.6","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"clement-of-alexandria","to":"pantaenus","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Clement succeeded Pantaenus as head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria. Eusebius (HE 6.6) is the source; Clement's own writings name Pantaenus as teacher but not as predecessor in office.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.6","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"origen-of-alexandria","to":"clement-of-alexandria","type":"taught_by","strength":"tradition","notes":"Eusebius implies Origen heard Clement at the Catechetical School; some scholars treat this as inferred rather than firmly attested.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.6","kind":"primary"},{"source":"ODCC s.v. Origen","kind":"secondary"}]},{"from":"origen-of-alexandria","to":"clement-of-alexandria","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"tradition","notes":"Origen succeeded Clement as head of the Catechetical School c. 203 after Clement fled persecution. Source is Eusebius HE 6.3, 6.6; Origen himself does not narrate the succession.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.3, 6.6","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"gregory-thaumaturgus","to":"origen-of-alexandria","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Gregory studied under Origen at Caesarea for several years and wrote a famous panegyric upon leaving.","citations":[{"source":"Gregory Thaumaturgus, Panegyric to Origen","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.30","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"dionysius-of-alexandria","to":"origen-of-alexandria","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Dionysius was a pupil of Origen at Alexandria and later headed the Catechetical School.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.29","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"heraclas-of-alexandria","to":"origen-of-alexandria","type":"taught_by","strength":"documented","notes":"Heraclas studied alongside, then under, Origen and shared in teaching the catechumens.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.3, 6.15","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"heraclas-of-alexandria","to":"origen-of-alexandria","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"documented","notes":"Heraclas succeeded Origen as head of the Catechetical School after Origen's departure to Caesarea.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.15, 6.26","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"dionysius-of-alexandria","to":"heraclas-of-alexandria","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"documented","notes":"Dionysius succeeded Heraclas as bishop of Alexandria in 247.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.35","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"demetrius-of-alexandria","to":"origen-of-alexandria","type":"opposed","strength":"documented","notes":"Demetrius initially appointed Origen but later condemned him in synods after his ordination at Caesarea, expelling him from Alexandria.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.8, 6.19, 6.26","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Jerome, De Viris Illustribus 54","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"heraclas-of-alexandria","to":"demetrius-of-alexandria","type":"succeeded_in_see","strength":"documented","notes":"Heraclas became 13th bishop of Alexandria in 231 succeeding Demetrius.","citations":[{"source":"Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 6.26","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"cyprian-of-carthage","to":"tertullian","type":"cited","strength":"tradition","notes":"Jerome (late 4th c., De Vir. Ill. 53) reports that Cyprian read Tertullian daily, asking 'Da magistrum'. Cyprian himself never names Tertullian; the link is Jerome's anecdote 130+ years later.","citations":[{"source":"Jerome, De Viris Illustribus 53","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"lactantius","to":"arnobius-of-sicca","type":"taught_by","strength":"tradition","notes":"Jerome (De Vir. Ill. 80, c. 393) states Lactantius was a pupil of Arnobius at Sicca; no contemporary attestation, and Lactantius himself does not name Arnobius.","citations":[{"source":"Jerome, De Viris Illustribus 80","kind":"primary"},{"source":"Jerome, Chronicon ad ann. 327","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"irenaeus-of-lyons","to":"valentinus","type":"opposed","strength":"documented","notes":"The bulk of Adversus Haereses is directed against the Valentinian system.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 1.1-9, 2 passim","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"irenaeus-of-lyons","to":"marcion-of-sinope","type":"opposed","strength":"documented","notes":"Irenaeus refutes Marcion's truncated canon and dualism.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 1.27, 3.3.4, 4.6","kind":"primary"}]},{"from":"irenaeus-of-lyons","to":"basilides","type":"opposed","strength":"documented","notes":"Irenaeus refutes the system of Basilides.","citations":[{"source":"Irenaeus, Adv. 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